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A continuous countercurrent flow process for converting FGD gypsum to ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate including countercurrent flows with internal recycle of liquids to maximize the purity of reaction products while minimizing reaction times, and further include embodiments of the process that provide a yield of both ammonium …
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Ammonium sulfate can be prepared by the conversion reaction of gypsum with CO 2 and ammonia (Danielik et al., 2018). Except for ammonium sulfate, calcium …
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Gypsum dissolves by a simple two-phase dissociation. Anhydrite, when dissolved, forms a solution of calcium sulfate, which at common temperatures and pressures is in equilibrium with the solid
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The authors have been developing a process which converts FGD-gypsum to ammonium sulfate fertilizer with precipitated calcium carbonate as a by-product during the …
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Kinetics of the conversion of calcium sulfate to ammonium sulfate using ammonium carbonate aqueous solution. Elamin M. Elkanzi; and ; Mohamed F. Chalabi; …
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Ammonium sulfate was prepared by adding a fixed amount of natural gypsum with an appropriate quantity of ammonium carbonate in distilled water at varying temperatures for different contact times ...
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Conversion of FGD- gypsum to ammonium sulfate was tested at 60-70{degree}C for 5-6 hr. Yield up to 82% and purity up to 95% were achieved for the ammonium sulfate production. During this …
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The conversion process was carried out at a temperature of 30 to 50°C. The optimal time for the carbonate conversion of gypsum was 30 minutes, and the conversion rate was 95.68 and 96.83%.
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1. Introduction. Ammonium sulfate is found in the most everyday applications because of their unique chemical and physical properties. Ammonium sulfate is used in the agricultural fertilizer as a source of nitrogen and sulfur for plant nutrients (Schwenke & McMullen, 2009).Ammonium sulfate is a mixed fertilizer which contains …
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The latter decomposes at 420-600 degree with loss ot two moles of ammonium sulfate. The formed amorphous hafnium disulfate crystallizes at 640-720 degree as two new modifications. Read more
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The low quality sample from CIPS's Newton Power Plant at Jasper, Illinois, was only 7.36% of gypsum. It was 87.54% calcium sulfite. A literature search provided the information to set up a batch, bench-scale reactor system. Reactions were conducted at 70°C for a range of times which resulted in 82% conversion of calcium sulfate to …
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Gypsum ammonium sulfate, CO 2 capture, waste treatment, ammono-carbonation. Chem Rev Lett 5 (2022) 83-91 84 ... for the conversion of gypsum to alkaline sulfates such …
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Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O). ... pressure, and the presence of other minerals. These processes can lead to the conversion of gypsum into anhydrite or other minerals. Gypsum deposits can vary in size and purity, and they are often associated with other minerals and rock formations ...
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In principle, the gypsum waste could be used to capture several hundred megatonnes of carbon dioxide (CO 2). For example, when gypsum is converted to ammonium sulfate [(NH 4) 2 SO 4] with ammonia (NH 3) and CO 2, also solid calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) is generated. The ammonium sulfate can be utilized as a fertilizer …
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In this study, we investigated the recycling of PG by-product, which can be considered very promising sources of sulfate ions (SO42-) for the manufacturing of chloride-free KNS compound fertilizer ...
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Studying the conversion of local natural gypsum and phosphogypsum, categorized as a byproduct of extracting phosphoric acid (EPA), into ammonium carbonate through a liquid-based method. At the same time, the concentration of ammonium carbonate in an aqueous solution was obtained in the range from 10 to 50%. The norms of ammonium carbonate …
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Conversion of FGD-gypsum to ammonium sulfate were tested at temperatures between 60 to 70°C for a duration of five to six hours. A yield of up to 82% and a purity of up to 95% for the ammonium sulfate production was achieved. In this quarter, more bench-scale experiments including a mass balance analysis were conducted.
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*Based on 2019 market pricing in Pennsylvania. †Adjusted for value of N content by subtracting $0.46/lb N. ‡Adjusted for value of K 2 O content by subtracting $0.33/lb K 2 O. Meeting Crop Sulfur Needs. In situations where S fertilizer additions are likely to be beneficial, recommended application rates are 15–25 lb/A S for grain crops …
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The transfer time of ammonium carbonate to the reaction zone was from 5 to 30 minutes, and the conversion time was also studied in the range from 5 to 30 …
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Ammono-carbonation reaction of any kind of gypsum (pure, PG or FGD gypsum) with ammonium carbonate known as Merseburg Process is used to produce ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate.
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Moreover, the optimum conditions of the ammonium sulfate preparation are 10 g of the suspended impure or purified phosphogypsum in 40 ml of 3% ammonium sulfate solution (as initiator), 1/4 solid ...
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The present invention includes a partially continuous countercurrent process for converting gypsum, by reaction with ammonium carbonate, to products of ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate by introducing the reactants into reactors, mixing the reactants for a predetermined amount of time, employing a novel combination of countercurrent flows …
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In parallel, a comparative study between the conversion process of the synthetic gypsum (SG) and PG shows that the two samples are similar. ... According to …
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A two-step procedure is described for measuring the intrinsic rate of the slurry reaction between calcium sulfate and ammonium carbonate. In the first step, experiments were conducted following the shrinking core model concept to get estimates of the kinetic parameters. These estimates were then used in a mathematical model to predict an …
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The results of the thermogravimetric analysis of ammonium sulfate under an N 2 atmosphere and gas chromatographic analysis of the decomposing gas are shown in Fig. 1 [35]. Fig. 1-a shows the TG-DTG-DTA curves for ammonium sulfate in N 2, which can be divided into three stages according to the variation of the DTG curve, and the …
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The PG conversion by ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3) into calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) is classifying in the top of the PG conversion and it's known generally by …
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(22) 28.01.2016 (43) 06.12.2017 (57) Summary of the corresponding patent WO2016123301 (A1): The present invention includes a partially continuous countercurrent process for converting gypsum, by reaction with ammonium carbonate, to products of ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate by introducing the reactants into reactors, …
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ammonium or potassium sulfate by the double de-composition reaction. Ammonium sulfate for use as fertilizer, supplying sulphur as well as nitrogen to soils, can be manufactured from anhydrous ammonium carbonate and gypsum or anhydrite. Elkanzi studied the kinetics of the conversion of calcium sulfate to ammonium sulfate using …
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The scrubber, a Chiyoda Thoroughbred 121 FGD, produced a filter cake product contains 98.36% gypsum (CaSO{sub 4}.2H{sub 2}O), and less than 0.01% calcium sulfate (CaSO{sub 3}). Conversion of FGD-gypsum to ammonium sulfate were tested at temperatures between 60 to 70{degrees}C for a duration of five to six hours.
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Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral found naturally in rock formations. Plaster of Paris is man-made, created by heating gypsum to remove some of its water content. ... How can plaster of Paris be converted into gypsum? To convert plaster of Paris back into gypsum, you simply need to add water. When plaster of Paris is mixed with water, it …
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