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XRF analysis was carried out to confirm the changes in the chemical composition of the bentonite clay due to acid treatment as described in Section 2.3.The results are presented in Table 2.The raw bentonite sample predominantly contained silica (SiO 2), alumina (Al 2 O 3) and iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3).In addition, some impurities in the …
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The performance of the alkaline processes on the properties of cation exchange capacity (CEC) and swelling was studied in three different types of bentonite from Brazil, Argentina and Mozambique.
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This invention relates to methods of activating benton ite clays containing montmorillonites and the like. Clays of the above indicated type are used in the found ry industry as bending clays, in the chemical, pharma ceutical and cosmetic industries, for the production of colors and varnishes, and in the oil industry for boring and so forth.
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2.2. Activation of Bentonite by Hydrochloric Acid. The hydrochloric acid (HCl) (98%, d = 1.98 g/cm 3) and other chemicals used are of analytical grade. The purified bentonite was prepared for acid activation: 15 g ± 0.01 g of the purified sample was weighed into a flask and 200 mL of 1.0 M HCl was added.
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Thermal activation, performed by heating clay in a specific range, is the most technically and economically feasible method for clay activation (Toor and Jin 2012). During thermal activation, water molecules, volatile organic compounds, and other impurities are removed with increasing temperature from the double-layer sheet of bentonite via a ...
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Activated bentonites are low-cost acid catalysts used in several reactions. However, their application at an industrial scale is affected by the formation of colloidal suspensions when these bentonites are in aqueous solutions. In order to overcome these limitations, this work proposes obtaining a catalyst based on a composite containing …
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The presence of emerging pollutants such as hazardous chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals in water sources is a serious concern to the environment and human health. Thus, this study focused on exploring the interaction mechanisms between ciprofloxacin (CIP) (antibiotic) and clay (a …
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Nomenclature. Abbreviation Term V. The rotor velocity, rpm. AP. Activation period, min. BT. Bentonite type. D. Dry (poured) density, g/cm 3. SSA. Specific surface …
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This study addresses the urgent need for effective water treatment methods by synthesizing and characterizing activated bentonite clay (ABC) adsorbents to remove methylene blue () from aqueous solutions efficiently. Conventional adsorbents often exhibit limitations in efficiency and regeneration capabilities, necessitating novel …
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Handbook of Clay Science. P. Komadel, J. Madejová, in Developments in Clay Science, 2013 Abstract. Acid activation is a common chemical modification of clays, usually bentonites, with a hot solution of a mineral acid (typically HCl or H 2 SO 4), and it is used for both scientific and industrial purposes.The aim is to obtain partly dissolved material of …
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1. Introduction. One application of calcium bentonite with a significant market is the decolourization of vegetable, animal and mineral oils. Most of the calcium …
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Natural bentonite grounded from Sarolangun District of Jambi Province has been modified based on Thermal and Acid Activation (TAA). The thermal activation was conducted by calcination at ...
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2.2. Activation of Bentonite by Hydrochloric Acid. The hydrochloric acid (HCl) (98%, d = 1.98 g/cm 3) and other chemicals used are of analytical grade. The …
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A bentonite from Kirkouk city region (Iraq) was activated with H 2 SO 4 at various ratios (5, 10, 15, 20 %). Due to ion exchange, the original (Ca, Mg, Na, K)-bentonite was converted to H ...
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Our experimental results revealed that bentonite modified by ATA (0.1 M HCl) for 20 min followed by thermal activation at 100 °C can significantly enhance the …
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One of the most common chemical modifications of clays, used for both industrial and scientific purposes, is their acid activation. This consists of the treatment of clay with a mineral acid solution, usually HCl or H 2 SO 4.The main task is to obtain partly dissolved material of increased specific surface area, porosity and surface acidity …
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Subsequently, the obtained bentonite is mixed with a 1 mol/L H 2 SO 4 solution at a ratio of 1:50 (solid to liquid), and the mixture was heated at 80 °C in an oil bath, stirring at 500 rpm for 3 h. After the acid activation treatment, solid samples are collected via filtration, followed by washing with deionized water for 1–7 times.
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Abstract A study is performed of the effect the means of activation of bentonite-like clays (acidic, alkaline, combined) have on the adsorption characteristics of Fe3+ ions under static conditions. The mechanism of the acidic and alkaline activation of montmorillonite is identified and found to depend on the concentration of the activating …
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In case pregel step and polar activation should be avoided, the BENTONE® SD grades are the products of choice. BENTONE® SD products However, in special cases e.g. in high solids and solvent less systems, chemical activation might be beneficial. The activation of BENTONE® SD grades follows in general the recommendations for the of conventional
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Nomenclature. Abbreviation Term V. The rotor velocity, rpm. AP. Activation period, min. BT. Bentonite type. D. Dry (poured) density, g/cm 3. SSA. Specific surface area, m 2 /g. M 1. Mass residue/oversize on the sieve with mesh size 20 µm, %. M 2. The sum of the mass residues/oversize on sieves with mesh sizes 20–5 µm, %. M 3. Mass …
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- API Specification 13A Section 19 (OCMA grade Bentonite) Calcium Carbonate. Drilling grade. Micronized (D50) - Calcium Carbonate 10 microns - Calcium Carbonate 25 microns ... (Locally Manufactured in Oman) Fertilizer Industry. Bentonite Fertilizer grade (Locally Manufactured in Oman) Civil Construction Industry.
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2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Natural bentonite activation Natural bentonite activation was performed by a two-step procedure based on the work done by Toor et al. [28], thermal activation followed by acid activation. Thermal activation was conducted by heating the sample using muffle furnace at 400 °C for 3 hours then cooled and stored
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Acid activation was carried out by heating muds prepared from Ca-rich bentonite (CaB), sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) and distilled water, yielding various bleaching earths (BEs).The roles of each of the process …
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The effects of activation parameters (time and temperature) on its physiochemical properties and its performance for the removal of sodium ions from water were investigated. Bentonite activated for 6 h at 300 °C showed a maximum specific surface area of 81.74 m 2 /g while the raw one showed 57.6 m 2 /g. However, the cation …
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Activation time of bentonite plays an active role in the bleeding reduction. ... This test method permits the evaluation of the swelling properties of a clay mineral. Briefly, after a dried phase, 2 g of bentonite are added to 90 mL of distilled water with step of 0.1 g every 10 min. Once the bentonite adding phase is ended, the water is ...
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acidic activation of clay while preserving the structure of its minerals is especially relevant. A promising way of activating bentonite-like clays is alkaline activation. This technique is more versatile than acidic activation in terms of both obtaining more active sorbents and having lower requirements for the initial feedstock.
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Biodiesel obtained by transesterification of vegetable oils and fats is an alternative for petro-diesel fuel. Purification of biodiesel is one of the crucial steps in the production of biodiesel. The conventional wet washing of biodiesel involves huge quantities of water, energy, and time. Therefore, dry washing was carried out with raw bentonite …
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Similarly, bentonite activation is a complex phenomenon that involves the substitution of exchangeable cations, Al 3+, Mg 2+, and Fe 2+ against protons from the …
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The effects of global climate change are becoming more evident and accelerating at an unprecedented pace. For this reason, human activities urgently need a paradigm shift to stop this entropic process before the consequences become irreversible. In this sense, the use of highly eco-efficient materials aimed at conveniently neutralizing …
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The characteristics of acid-activated raw bentonite (RB) activated with binary acid solutions sulfuric acid + nitric acid, nitric acid + phosphoric acid, and phosphoric acid + sulfuric acid, at a concentration of 5 mol/L (denoted as 5-SN, 5-NP, and 5-PS), were evaluated. Moreover, its application for improving the electrical conductivity in tap water …
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